The aim of the study was to verify the possible relationship between reactive strength index (RSI), jumping performance and static and dynamic balance parameters in elite wrestlers. Fourteen international level male wrestlers (mean age: 17.82±4.60 yrs) performed a standing stork balance test (SST), Y-balance test (YB), dominant-leg unilateral and bilateral vertical (CMJ-DL, CMJ), lateral (SLJ-DL, SLJ), 5 jump (FJT) and drop jumps (DJ-DL, DJ). Significant positive correlations were observed between the SST and bilateral vertical jump CMJ (r-range: 0.41 to 0.63; p<0.005) as well as unilateral vertical jump with the dominant leg (r-range: 0.58 to 0.64; p<0.005). Pearson’s corelations portrayed significant relationship between SST and FJT and SLJ and SLJ-DL (r-range: 0.41 to 0.58; p<0.005). The composite score of the Y-balance test showed no correlation with DJ, SLJ or DJ-DL (r-range = 0.26 to 0.36; p<0.05). However, there were moderate to large positive correlations with CMJ-DL and CMJ (r-range: 0.54 to 0.71; p<0.005) as well as with FJT (r: 0.50; p<0.005) and SLJ-DL (r: 0.71; p<0.005). Our findings are evident of an association between jumping capacity, reactive strength (i.e. RSI) and balance performance, that reinforce the need for differential plyometric training programs aimed at improving balance control in elites wrestlers.

Imbalance and weakness in shoulder rotator muscles has been considered a risk factor for injuries in athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of strength training on external and internal shoulder rotator muscle strength using elastic band compared with habitual training using weight machines in elite rowers. Fourteen elite rowers (M ± SD: age 18±2 years, height 179.4±4.6 cm, weight 70.5±6.3 kg, and Body fat 10.7±2.5 %) were tested for concentric internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) peak torque (PT), and acceleration time (ACC) before and after 12 weeks of strength training using habitual weight machines or elastic band. The results demonstrated that the 2 training modalities significantly improved PT and only elastic band training decreases ACC for both IR and ER in the right and left shoulder (all p < 0.001). Between-group differences in change revealed that training using weight machines was significantly superior (39 to 49%; all P < 0.01; large effects) for PT improvement. However, elastic band training was superior (40 to 100%; P < 0.02; large effects) on decreasing ACC. Training using weight machines was superior for improving shoulder PT compared with elastic band. However, the latter training was more effective in reducing ACC and therefore is recommended especially in injury preventive and rehabilitation-based strength training.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the level of positivity among the administrators of Palestinian sports clubs, in addition to determine differences according to Administrative courses & Administrative position variables. Method and Procedures: To achieve this, the study sample consisted of (452) Administrative member from (113) sports clubs in the West Bank districts & representing (30%) of the number of sports clubs in each district. To collect data, the authors applied the positivity Scale (PS; Qadoumi, 2018). The PS requires participants to respond to fifteen items designed to assess aspects of positivity dimensions (optimism, quality of life & happiness) with the Administrative member role on a scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). To address data, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were computed to determine the reliability, means, standard deviation, percentages, Independent samples t-test, One Way ANOVA and Scheffe’s post-hoc test were used. Results: the results of the study showed the level of positivity & dimensions among the administrators of Palestinian sports clubs were high, where the percentage of response for the total score, optimism, quality of life & happiness were respectively (78%, 79.80%, 78.60, 75.60%). There were significant differences in positivity among the administrators of Palestinian sports clubs according to Administrative courses variable in favor of participate members. Also,there were significant differences in positivity among the administrators of Palestinian sports clubs according to administrative position variable in favor of club president mean.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the level of athletic identity among higher levels players of team sports games, in addition to determine differences according to game type & playing experience variables. Method and Procedures: The study sample consisted of (520) players of the high level players of team sports games from Palestine. They were classified by game type, soccer accounted for 40.4% of the sample (n = 210), basketball accounted for 17.3% of the sample (n = 90), handball accounted for 23.1% of the sample (n = 120) & volleyball accounted for 19.2% of the sample (n = 100). To collect data, The authors applied the Athletic Identity Scale (AIMS; Brewer & Cornelius, 2001). The AIMS requires participants to respond to seven items designed to assess aspects of identification (social identity, exclusivity & negative affectivity) with the athlete role on a scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Participants’ athletic identity is measured by a total composite score generated by a summation of the scores for the 7 items. To address questions in the study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were computed to determine the reliability, means, standard deviation, percentages, one way anova test were used. Results: the results of the study showed the level of athletic identity among higher levels players of team sports games were very high, where the percentage of response for the total score was (81.14%). There weren’t significant differences in athletic identity among higher levels players of team sports games according to game type variable. Also there weren’t significant differences in athletic identity among higher levels players of team sports games according to playing experience variable.

The current study aims to determining the difference between students trends who enrolled in program of teaching at three universities on three different continents (Europe - Africa - Asia), respectively are Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University Czech Republic,Faculty of sport education Alexandria University - Arab Republic of Egypt, and Students in department of Physical Education,Faculty of Education King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Kingdom,toward profession of teaching physical education,The methodology used in this study was based on a descriptive survey manner to suit them with the nature of the research and the objectives. The authors used a scale (questionnaire form, included (4) axes which had designed by the authors) to measure trends towards the profession of teaching physical education which design it as a main tool to collect data after rationing in terms of consistency, honesty and objectivity, the sample (n=223) divided in three university students Masaryk University (n=67), Alexandria University (n=86) King Faisal University (n=70) also were excluded (n=6) For non-completion the data or found Indiscriminate in their answers, and the pilot study (n=19) while the basic study(n=198). The results concluded that there is a presence of strong tendency among the students in Masaryk University, Alexandria University and King Faisal University,toward sport education teaching profession, and also the results show that the Arab societies are the most positive in their trends toward the teaching profession and also the most convinced, preference to this profession in general more than western societies but the authors cannot generalize the results to all Arab and Western societies because this study was limited to only one European country and only two Arab countries, for generalization the results require generalization the study on many samples from different Arab and Western societies, Based on the above, the authors set recommendations which help to improve the level of students trends to profession of teaching physical education.